In order to determine the effect of slag composition during the RH process on refractory wear, magnesia–carbon and magnesia–chromite refractories were immersed for 10 min at 1600 °C in a ladle slag, two FeO-rich slags (20 and 40 wt% FeO) and two CaO–Al₂O₃ slags. Corrosion of magnesia–carbon refractory by the ladle and CaO–Al₂O₃ slags was limited as the refractory carbon phase efficiently prevented slag infiltration. Severe degradation was observed in contact with FeO-rich slags. FeO oxidized the carbon phase with formation of Fe droplets at the hot face. Regarding magnesia–chromite refractory, the corrosion mechanism consisted of severe slag infiltration, high temperature inactivation of the secondary chromite and primary chromite dissolution in the infiltrating slag. The FeO-rich slags seem to have generated more severe conditions as the infiltrating slag pushed apart the periclase grains, leading to severe refractory erosion. The degradation mechanisms are discussed by combining experimental results and thermodynamic calculations.